19 stated that since the diaphragm performs both postural and breathing functions, disruption in one function could negatively affect the other.
Coordinated breathing travell and simons driver#
The diaphragm is the key driver of the respiratory pump with attachments onto the lower six ribs, xiphoid process of the sternum, and the lumbar vertebral column (L1‐3). 17 Vickery 7 suggested that decreased abdominal motion, relative to upper thoracic motion, confirms poor diaphragm action. 6 Over‐activity of these accessory muscles have been linked to neck pain, 9 scapular dyskinesis, 14 and trigger point formation. Thoracic breathing is produced by the accessory muscles of respiration (including sternocleidomastoid, upper trapezius, and scalene muscles), dominating over lower rib cage and abdominal motion. Individuals with poor posture, 13 scapular dyskinesis, 14 low back pain, 15, 11, 12 neck pain 9, 10 and temporomandibular joint pain 16 exhibit signs of faulty breathing mechanics. 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 BPD could be a risk factor for the development of the dysfunction, a result of the dysfunction itself, and an important, clinically measurable attribute to consider in those with musculoskeletal pain. 6 Breathing pattern disorders (BPD), defined as inappropriate breathing that is persistent enough to cause symptoms with no apparent organic cause, 7 are present in a variety of individuals with musculoskeletal dysfunction. 5 Abnormal breathing, known as thoracic breathing, involves breathing from the upper chest, evidenced by greater upper rib cage motion, compared to the lower rib cage. 4 Additionally, normal breathing requires adequate use and functionality of the diaphragm muscles. Normal breathing, also known as diaphragmatic breathing, involves synchronized motion of the upper rib cage, lower rib cage, and abdomen. 2, 3 Identification of risk factors that lead to these problems and contribute to dysfunctional movement patterns could aid injury prevention and performance. 1 Postural control deficits, poor balance, altered proprioception, and inefficient motor control have been shown to contribute to pain, disability, and interfere with normal movement. Functional movement is defined as the ability to produce and maintain an adequate balance of mobility and stability along the kinetic chain while integrating fundamental movement patterns with accuracy and efficiency.